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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by  Leishmania (L.) infantum  is a public health threat in the Emilia-Romagna region, northeastern Italy, but its epidemiology has not been fully elucidated in this area. The objective of this study was to characterize  Leishmania  infection in sand flies collected in a re-emerging focus of VL in the Bologna province. During the summer of 2016, 6114 sand flies were collected, identified, and tested for  Leishmania  detection. Of the identified sand flies, 96.5% were  Phlebotomus (P.) perfiliewi  and 3.5% were  P. perniciosus . Detected parasites were characterized by biomolecular methods (multilocus microsatellite typing and characterization of repetitive region on chromosome 31), and quantified by real-time PCR. The prevalence of  Leishmania  infection in individually-tested  P. perfiliewi  sand flies varied from 6% to 10% with an increasing trend during the season. Promastigotes of  L. infantum  were isolated by dissection in one  P. perfiliewi  female; the isolated strain (Lein-pw) were closely related to  Leishmania  parasites from VL cases in northeastern Italy, but differed from strains isolated in dogs from the same area. Our findings strongly support the vector status of  P. perfiliewi  for human VL in the study area.

Isolation and Molecular Typing of Leishmania infantum from Phlebotomus perfiliewi in a Re-Emerging Focus of Leishmaniasis, Northeastern Italy