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Femtosecond laser direct writing is unique in allowing for fabrication of 3D micro- and nanofluidic structures, thereby enabling rapid and efficient manipulation of fluidic dynamics in 3D space to realize innovative functionalities. Here, I discuss the challenges in producing fully functional and highly integrated 3D micro- and nanofluidic systems with potential applications ranging from chemical and biological analyses to investigations of nanofluidic behaviors. In particular, I review the achievements we have made in the past decade, which have led to 3D microchannels with controllable cross-sectional profiles and large aspect ratios, 3D nanofluidic channels with widths of several tens of nanometers, and smooth inner walls with roughness on the order of ~1 nm. Integration of the microfluidics with other functional microcomponents including microoptics and microelectrodes will also be discussed, followed by conclusions and the future perspective.

Internal Laser Writing of High-Aspect-Ratio Microfluidic Structures in Silicate Glasses for Lab-on-a-Chip Applications