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A flutter-type, nonlinear piezoelectric energy harvester was tested in various combinations of aerodynamic and harmonic base excitation to study its power output and efficiency. The commercial polyvinylidene fluoride film transducer LDT1-028K was used in 33 excitation mode. The aerodynamic excitation was created by a centrifugal fan and the base excitation by a cone speaker. The excitations were produced by varying independently the mean airflow velocity and the frequency of base vibration. A capacitive load was used to store the harvested energy. A line laser was employed along with long exposure photography and high-speed video, for the visualization of the piezo film's mode shapes and the measurement of maximum tip deflection. The harvested power was mapped along with the maximum tip deflection of the piezo-film, and a process of optimally combining the two excitation sources for maximum power harvesting is demonstrated. The energy conversion efficiency is defined by means of electrical power output divided by the elastic strain energy rate of change during oscillations. The efficiency was mapped and correlated with resonance conditions and results from other studies. It was observed that the conversion efficiency is related to the phase difference between excitation and response and tends to decrease as the excitation frequency rises.

On the Efficiency of a Piezoelectric Energy Harvester under Combined Aeroelastic and Base Excitation