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Differential placental blood flow and nutrient transport can lead to both intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and macrosomia. Both conditions can lead to adult obesity and other conditions clustered as metabolic syndrome. We previously showed that pregnant hemi-ovariectomized mice have a crowded uterine horn, resulting in siblings whose birth weights differ by over 100% due to differential blood flow based on uterine position. We used this crowded uterus model to compare IUGR and macrosomic male mice and also identified IUGR males with rapid (IUGR-R) and low (IUGR-L) postweaning weight gain. At week 12 IUGR-R males were heavier than IUGR-L males and did not differ from macrosomic males. Rapid growth in IUGR-R males led to glucose intolerance compared to IUGR-L males and down-regulation of adipocyte signaling pathways for fat digestion and absorption and type II diabetes. Macrosomia led to increased fat mass and altered adipocyte size distribution compared to IUGR males, and down-regulation of signaling pathways for carbohydrate and fat digestion and absorption relative to IUGR-R. Clustering analysis of gonadal fat transcriptomes indicated more similarities than differences between IUGR-R and macrosomic males compared to IUGR-L males. Our findings suggest two pathways to adult metabolic disease: macrosomia and IUGR with rapid postweaning growth rate.

The Crowded Uterine Horn Mouse Model for Examining Postnatal Metabolic Consequences of Intrauterine Growth Restriction vs. Macrosomia in Siblings