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The main role of Rare Earth (RE) elements in the steelmaking industry is to affect the nature of inclusions (composition, geometry, size and volume fraction), which can potentially lead to the improvement of some mechanical properties such as the toughness in steels. In this study, different amounts of RE were added to a niobium microalloyed steel in as-cast condition to investigate its influence on: (i) type of inclusions and (ii) precipitation of niobium carbides. The characterization of the microstructure by optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopy shows that: (1) the addition of RE elements change the inclusion formation route during solidification; RE > 200 ppm promote formation of complex inclusions with a (La,Ce)(S,O) matrix instead of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-MnS inclusions; (2) the roundness of inclusions increases with RE, whereas more than 200 ppm addition would increase the area fraction and size of the inclusions; (3) it was found that the presence of MnS in the base and low RE-added steel provide nucleation sites for the precipitation of coarse niobium carbides and/or carbonitrides at the matrix–MnS interface. Thermodynamic calculations show that temperatures of the order of 1200 °C would be necessary to dissolve these coarse Nb-rich carbides so as to reprecipitate them as nanoparticles in the matrix.We acknowledge support by the CSIC Open Access Publication Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI).The authors from the University of Tehran gratefully acknowledge the financial support\udprovided by the Office of International Affairs and the Office for Research Affairs, College of Engineering, for the\udproject number 8107009.6.34. The authors from Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas (CENIM)\udthat belong to the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) would like to acknowledge the\udfinancial support from Comunidad de Madrid through the project Diseño Multiescala de Materiales Avanzados\ud(DIMMAT-CM_S2013/MIT-2775). Javier Vivas acknowledges financial support in the form of a FPI (Formación de\udPersonal Investigador) Grant BES-2014-069863. Authors are grateful to the Phase Transformations and Microscopy\udlabs from CENIM-CSIC and to the Centro Nacional de Microscopia Electronica (CNME), located at Complutense\udMetals 2017, 7, 377 16 of 17\udUniversity of Madrid (UCM), for the provision of laboratory facilities. Mr. Javier Vara Miñambres from the Phase\udTransformations lab (CENIM-CSIC) is gratefully acknowledged for their continuous experimental suppor

The Influence of La and Ce Addition on Inclusion Modification in Cast Niobium Microalloyed Steels