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Bacterial resistance has been increasingly reported worldwide and is one of the major causes of failure in the treatment of infectious diseases. Natural-based products, including plant secondary metabolites (phytochemicals), can be exploited to ameliorate the problem of microbial resistance. The fruit essential oils of  Alchornea cordifolia  and  Canthium subcordatum  were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The essential oils were subjected to  in vitro  antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activity screening. Thirty-eight compounds comprising 97.7% of  A. cordifolia  oil and forty-six constituents representing 98.2% of  C. subcordatum  oil were identified. The major components in  A. cordifolia  oil were methyl salicylate (25.3%), citronellol (21.4%), α-phellandrene (7.4%), terpinolene (5.7%) and 1,8-cineole (5.5%). Benzaldehyde (28.0%), β-caryophyllene (15.5%), ( E , E )-α-farnesene (5.3%) and methyl salicylate (4.5%) were the quantitatively significant constituents in  C. subcordatum  fruit essential oil.  A. cordifolia  essential oil demonstrated potent  in vitro  antibacterial activity against  Staphylococcus aureus  (MIC = 78 μg/mL) and marginal antifungal activity against  Aspergillus niger  (MIC = 156 μg/mL).  C. subcordatum  showed antibacterial activity against  Bacillus cereus  and  S. aureus  (MIC = 156 μg/mL) and notable antifungal activity against  A. niger  (MIC = 39 μg/mL). However, no appreciable cytotoxic effects on human breast carcinoma cells (Hs 578T) and human prostate carcinoma cells (PC-3) were observed for either essential oil. The antimicrobial activities of  A. cordifolia  and  C. subcordatum  fruit essential oils are a function of their distinct chemical profiles; their volatiles and biological activities are reported for the first time.

Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Volatile Constituents from Fresh Fruits of Alchornea cordifolia and Canthium subcordatum