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Background and Objectives: Vitamin D is involved in pancreatic beta-cell function, insulin sensitivity, and inflammation. Further, elevation in branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) has been implicated in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) pathology. However, the relationship between vitamin D and BCAAs in T2DM remains unclear. The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between vitamin D and BCAAs in T2DM. Materials and Methods: In total, 230 participants (137 with T2DM and 93 healthy controls) were recruited in a cross-sectional study. Furthermore, an additional follow-up study was performed, including 20 T2DM patients with vitamin D deficiency. These patients were prescribed weekly vitamin D tablets (50,000 IU) for three months. The levels of several biochemical parameters were examined at the end of the vitamin D supplementation. Results: The results showed that patients with T2DM had higher serum levels of BCAAs and lower serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) compared with those of the healthy controls (p &lt; 0.01). The serum levels of vitamin D were negatively correlated with BCAA levels in T2DM patients (r = −0.1731, p &lt; 0.05). In the follow-up study, 25(OH)D levels were significantly improved (p &lt; 0.001) following vitamin D supplementation. Vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced the levels of BCAAs, HbA1c, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting glucose (p &lt; 0.01). Conclusion: Overall, these results suggest a role for BCAAs and vitamin D in the etiology and progression of T2DM. Thus, managing vitamin D deficiency in patients with T2DM may improve glycemic control and lower BCAA levels.

Normalization of Vitamin D Serum Levels in Patients with Type Two Diabetes Mellitus Reduces Levels of Branched Chain Amino Acids