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New marine glycoconjugates-the steroidal glycosides designated as anthenosides V⁻X ( 1 ⁻ 3 )-and the seven previously known anthenosides E ( 4 ), G ( 5 ), J ( 6 ), K ( 7 ), S1 ( 8 ), S4 ( 9 ), and S6 ( 10 ) were isolated from the extract of the tropical starfish Anthenea aspera . The structures of 1 ⁻ 3 were elucidated by extensive NMR and ESIMS techniques. Glycoside 1 contains a rare 5α-cholest-8(14)-ene-3α,7β,16α-hydroxysteroidal nucleus. Compounds 2 and 3 were isolated as inseparable mixtures of epimers. All investigated compounds ( 1 ⁻ 10 ) at nontoxic concentrations inhibited colony formation of human melanoma RPMI-7951, breast cancer T-47D, and colorectal carcinoma HT-29 cells to a variable degree. The mixture of 6 and 7 possessed significant anticancer activity and induced apoptosis of HT-29 cells. The molecular mechanism of the proapoptotic action of this mixture was shown to be associated with the regulation of anti- and proapoptotic protein expression followed by the activation of initiator and effector caspases.

In Vitro Anticancer and Proapoptotic Activities of Steroidal Glycosides from the Starfish Anthenea aspera