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Experimental and numerical investigations on seven cold-formed steel square hollow section (SHS) T-joints with concrete-filled chords were conducted for the determination of stress concentration factors (SCFs). The SCFs were experimentally determined using strain gauges and then numerically determined using Abaqus finite element analysis (FEA) software under static in-plane brace bending. Good agreement was observed between the two investigations. After validating the FEA results, a parametric study was conducted on the SCFs of concrete-filled SHS-SHS T-joints using Abaqus FEA to evaluate the effects of the non-dimensional parameters on the SCFs. Subsequently, design formulae for predicting the SCF of concrete-filled SHS-SHS T-joints subjected to in-plane bending were proposed. Comparable results were obtained between the numerical SCFs with SCFs calculated from the proposed design equations. The maximum SCF of concrete-filled SHS T-joints under in-plane brace bending occurred at different locations. The overall mean of the experimental reduction percentage in peak SCF due to concrete infill is 22% and the overall mean of the numerical reduction percentage in peak SCF due to concrete infill is 19%. The determination of SCFs in concrete-filled SHS-SHS T-joints under in-plane bending has been the subject of little research, and more information regarding the behavior of concrete-filled T-joints with SHS under in-plane bending needs to be provided to practicing engineers.

Stress Concentration Factors of Concrete-Filled T-Joints under In-Plane Bending: Experiments, FE Analysis and Formulae