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Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and imaging are increasingly being used in surgical guidance for tumor margin detection during endoscopic operations. However, the accuracy of the boundary detection with optical techniques may depend on the acquisition parameters, and its evaluation is in high demand. In this work, using optical phantoms with homogeneous and heterogeneous distribution of chromophores mimicking normal and pathological bladder tissues, the accuracy of tumor margin detection using single-fiber diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and spatial frequency domain imaging was evaluated. We also showed how the diffuse reflectance response obtained at different spatial frequencies with the spatial frequency domain imaging technique could be used not only to quantitatively map absorption and scattering coefficients of normal tissues and tumor-like heterogeneities but also to estimate the tumor depth localization. The demonstrated results could be helpful for proper analysis of the DRS data measured in vivo and for translation of optical techniques for tumor margin detection to clinics.

Single-Fiber Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy and Spatial Frequency Domain Imaging in Surgery Guidance: A Study on Optical Phantoms