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The conventional open ponding system employed for palm oil mill agro-effluent (POME) treatment fails to lower the levels of organic pollutants to the mandatory standard discharge limits. In this work, carbon doped black TiO 2 (CB-TiO 2 ) and carbon-nitrogen co-doped black TiO 2 (CNB-TiO 2 ) were synthesized via glycerol assisted sol-gel techniques and employed for the remediation of treated palm oil mill effluent (TPOME). Both the samples were anatase phase, with a crystallite size of 11.09-22.18 nm, lower bandgap of 2.06-2.63 eV, superior visible light absorption ability, and a high surface area of 239.99-347.26 m 2 /g. The performance of CNB-TiO 2 was higher (51.48%) compared to only (45.72%) CB-TiO 2 . Thus, the CNB-TiO 2 is employed in sonophotocatalytic reactions. Sonophotocatalytic process based on CNB-TiO 2 , assisted by hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and operated at an ultrasonication (US) frequency of 30 kHz and 40 W power under visible light irradiation proved to be the most efficient for chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. More than 90% of COD was removed within 60 min of sonophotocatalytic reaction, producing the effluent with the COD concentration well below the stipulated permissible limit of 50 mg/L. The electrical energy required per order of magnitude was estimated to be only 177.59 kWh/m 3 , indicating extreme viability of the proposed process for the remediation of TPOME.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon and Carbon-Nitrogen Doped Black TiO2 Nanomaterials and Their Application in Sonophotocatalytic Remediation of Treated Agro-Industrial Wastewater