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Effective targeting of metastasis is considered the main problem in cancer therapy. The development of herbal alkaloid Berberine (Ber)-based anticancer drugs is limited due to Ber' low effective concentration, poor membrane permeability, and short plasma half-life. To overcome these limitations, we used Ber noncovalently bound to C 60 fullerene (C 60 ). The complexation between C 60 and Ber molecules was evidenced with computer simulation. The aim of the present study was to estimate the effect of the free Ber and C 60 -Ber nanocomplex in a low Ber equivalent concentration on Lewis lung carcinoma cells (LLC) invasion potential, expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers in vitro, and the ability of cancer cells to form distant lung metastases in vivo in a mice model of LLC. It was shown that in contrast to free Ber its nanocomplex with C 60 demonstrated significantly higher efficiency to suppress invasion potential, to downregulate the level of EMT-inducing transcription factors SNAI1, ZEB1, and TWIST1, to unblock expression of epithelial marker E-cadherin, and to repress cancer stem cells-like markers. More importantly, a relatively low dose of C 60 -Ber nanocomplex was able to suppress lung metastasis in vivo. These findings indicated that сomplexation of natural alkaloid Ber with C 60 can be used as an additional therapeutic strategy against aggressive lung cancer.

Nanocomplex of Berberine with C60 Fullerene Is a Potent Suppressor of Lewis Lung Carcinoma Cells Invasion In Vitro and Metastatic Activity In Vivo