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Young and mature leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana were exposed by foliar spray to 30 mg L -  1 of CuZn nanoparticles (NPs). The NPs were synthesized by a microwave-assisted polyol process and characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). CuZn NPs effects in Arabidopsis leaves were evaluated by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging analysis that revealed spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Φ PSΙΙ ) and the redox state of the plastoquinone (PQ) pool ( q  p ), measured 30 min, 90 min, 180 min, and 240 min after spraying. Photosystem II (PSII) function in young leaves was observed to be negatively influenced, especially 30 min after spraying, at which point increased H 2 O 2 generation was correlated to the lower oxidized state of the PQ pool.. Recovery of young leaves photosynthetic efficiency appeared only after 240 min of NPs spray when also the level of ROS accumulation was similar to control leaves. On the contrary, a beneficial effect on PSII function in mature leaves after 30 min of the CuZn NPs spray was observed, with increased Φ PSΙΙ , an increased electron transport rate (ETR), decreased singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) formation, and H 2 O 2 production at the same level of control leaves.An explanation for this differential response is suggested.

Leaf Age-Dependent Effects of Foliar-Sprayed CuZn Nanoparticles on Photosynthetic Efficiency and ROS Generation in Arabidopsis thaliana