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TiNiSn-based half-Heusler semiconducting compounds have the highest potential as n -type thermoelectric materials for the use at elevated temperatures. In order to use these compounds in a thermoelectric module, it is crucial to examine their behaviour at a working temperature (approximately 1000 K) under oxygen and a humid atmosphere. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were utilized to study the surface composition and oxidation of the TiNiSn alloy at elevated temperatures. It was found that during heating in vacuum, Sn segregates to the surface. Exposing the alloy to oxygen at room temperature will cause surface oxidation of Ti to TiO₂ and Ti₂O₃ and some minor oxidation of Sn. Oxidation at 1000 K induces Ti segregation to the surface, creating a titanium oxide layer composed of mainly TiO₂ as well as Ti₂O₃ and TiO. Water vapor was found to be a weaker oxidative gas medium compared to oxygen.

Surface Oxidation of TiNiSn (Half-Heusler) Alloy by Oxygen and Water Vapor