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Temperature-dependent and threshold behavior of Sm 3+ ions on fluorescence properties of lithium niobate (LiNbO₃, LN) single crystals were systematically investigated. The test materials, congruent LiNbO₃ single crystals (Sm:LN), with various concentrations of doped Sm 3+ ions from 0.2 to 2.0 mol.%, were grown using the Czochralski technique. Absorption spectra were obtained at room temperature, and photoluminescence spectra were measured at various temperatures in the range from 73 K to 423 K. Judd⁻Ofelt theory was applied to calculate the intensity parameters Ω t (t = 2, 4, 6) for 1.0 mol.% Sm 3+ -doped LiNbO₃, as well as the radiative transition rate, A  r , branching ratio, β , and radiative lifetime, τ  r , of the fluorescent ⁴G 5/2 level. Under 409 nm laser excitation, the photoluminescence spectra of the visible fluorescence of Sm 3+ mainly contains 568, 610, and 651 nm emission spectra, corresponding to the energy level transitions of ⁴G 5/2 →⁶H 5/2 , ⁴G 5/2 →⁶H 7/2 , and ⁴G 5/2 →⁶H 9/2 , respectively. The concentration of Sm 3+ ions has great impact on the fluorescence intensity. The luminescence intensity of Sm (1.0 mol.%):LN is about ten times as against Sm (0.2 mol.%):LN at 610 nm. The intensity of the fluorescence spectra were found to be highly depend on temperature, as well as the concentration of Sm 3+ ions in LiNbO₃ single crystals, as predicted; however, the lifetime changed little with the temperature, indicating that the temperature has little effect on it, in Sm:LN single crystals. Sm:LN single crystals, with orange-red emission spectra, can be used as the active material in new light sources, fluorescent display devices, UV-sensors, and visible lasers.

Temperature-Dependent and Threshold Behavior of Sm3+ Ions on Fluorescence Properties of Lithium Niobate Single Crystals