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Graphene and graphene-based materials exhibit exceptional optical andelectrical properties with great promise for novel applications in lightdetection. However, several challenges prevent the full exploitation of theseproperties in commercial devices. Such challenges include the limited lineardynamic range (LDR) of graphene-based photodetectors, the lack of efficientgeneration and extraction of photoexcited charges, the smearing of photoactivejunctions due to hot-carriers effects, large-scale fabrication and ultimatelythe environmental stability of the constituent materials. In order to overcomethe aforementioned limits, different approaches to tune the properties ofgraphene have been explored. A new class of graphene-based devices has emergedwhere chemical functionalisation, hybridisation with light-sensitisingmaterials and the formation of heterostructures with other 2D materials haveled to improved performance, stability or versatility. For example,intercalation of graphene with FeCl$_3$ is highly stable in ambient conditionsand can be used to define photo-active junctions characterized by anunprecedented LDR while graphene oxide (GO) is a very scalable and versatilematerial which supports the photodetection from UV to THz frequencies.Nanoparticles and quantum dots have been used to enhance the absorption ofpristine graphene and to enable high gain thanks to the photogating effect. Inthe same way, hybrid detectors made from stacked sequences of graphene andlayered transition-metal dichalcogenides enabled a class of detectors with highgain and responsivity. In this work we will review the performance and advancesin functionalised graphene and hybrid photodetectors, with particular focus onthe physical mechanisms governing the photoresponse in these materials, theirperformance and possible future paths of investigation.

Graphene-based light sensing: fabrication, characterisation, physical properties and performance