English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

In 2018, seven million people died prematurely due to exposure to pollution. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a significant source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in urban areas. We investigated the toxic effects of by-products of naphthalene SOA on lung cells. These by-products were 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NQ), 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (2-OH-NQ), phthalic acid (PA) and phthaldialdehyde (OPA). Two different assessment methodologies were used to monitor the toxic effects: real-time cell analysis (RTCA) and the Holomonitor, a quantitative phase contrast microscope. The chemicals were tested in concentrations of 12.5 to 100 µM for 1,4-NQ and 1 to 10 mM for 2-OH-NQ, PA and OPA. We found that 1,4-NQ is toxic to cells from 25 to 100 µM (EC50: 38.7 µM ± 5.2); 2-OH-NQ is toxic from 1 to 10mM (EC50: 5.3 mM ± 0.6); PA is toxic from 5 to 10 mM (EC50: 5.2 mM ± 0.3) and OPA is toxic from 2.5 to 10 mM (EC50: 4.2 mM ± 0.5). Only 1,4-NQ and OPA affected cell parameters (migration, motility, motility speed and optical volume). Furthermore, 1,4-NQ is the most toxic by-product of naphthalene, with an EC50 value that was one hundred times higher than those of the other compounds. RTCA and Holomonitor analysis showed a complementarity when studying the toxicity induced by chemicals.

Evaluation of the Toxicity on Lung Cells of By-Products Present in Naphthalene Secondary Organic Aerosols