English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Microsporidia are a group of obligate intracellular pathogens infecting nearly all animal phyla. The microsporidian Nosema bombycis has been isolated from several lepidopteran species, including the economy-important silkworms as well as several crop pests. Proteins secreted by parasites can be important virulent factors in modulating host pathways. Ricin is a two-chain lectin best known for its extreme vertebrate toxicity. Ricin B lectin-like proteins are widely distributed in microsporidia, especially in N. bombycis. In this study, we identify 52 Ricin B lectin-like proteins (RBLs) in N. bombycis . We show that the N. bombycis RBLs (NbRBLs) are classified into four subfamilies. The subfamily 1 was the most conserved, with all members having a Ricin B lectin domain and most members containing a signal peptide. The other three subfamilies were less conserved, and even lost the Ricin B lectin domain, suggesting that NbRBLs might be a multi-functional family. Our study here indicated that the NbRBL family had evolved by producing tandem duplications firstly and then expanded by segmental duplications, resulting in concentrated localizations mainly in three genomic regions. Moreover, based on RNA-seq data, we found that several Nbrbl s were highly expressed during infection. Further, the results show that the NbRBL28 was secreted into host nucleus, where it promotes the expressions of genes involved in cell cycle progression. In summary, the great copy number, high divergence, and concentrated genome distribution of the NbRBLs demonstrated that these proteins might be adaptively evolved and played a vital role in the multi-host N. bombycis .

journal of fungi

Characterization of the Largest Secretory Protein Family, Ricin B Lectin-like Protein, in Nosema bombycis: Insights into Microsporidian Adaptation to Host