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Aspergillus flavus  infects peanuts and produces a mycotoxin called aflatoxin, a potent human carcinogen. In infected peanuts, it can also affect peanut seed quality by causing seed rot and reducing seed viability, resulting in low germination. In 2020, peanut seeds in Georgia had lower than expected germination and a high frequency of  A. flavus  contamination. A total of 76  Aspergillus  isolates were collected from seven seed lots and their identity and in vitro reaction to QoI (quinone outside inhibitor) fungicide (azoxystrobin) were studied. The isolates were confirmed as  A. flavus  by morphological characteristics and a PCR (polymerase chain reaction)-based method using species-specific primers. In vitro, these isolates were tested for sensitivity to azoxystrobin. The mean EC 50  values ranged from 0.12 to 297.22 μg/mL, suggesting that some isolates were resistant or tolerate to this fungicide. The sequences of cytochrome b gene from these isolates were compared and a single nucleotide mutation (36.8% isolates) was found as Cyt B G143A, which was associated with the total resistance to the QoIs. Another single mutation (15.8% isolates) was also observed as Cyt B F129L, which had been documented for QoI resistance. Therefore, a new major single mutation was detected in the  A. flavus  natural population in this study, and it might explain the cause of the bad seed quality in 2020. The high frequency of this new single nucleotide mutation exists in the natural population of  A. flavus  and results in the ineffectiveness of using azoxystrobin seed treatment. New seed treatment fungicides are needed.

Sensitivity of Aspergillus flavus Isolates from Peanut Seeds in Georgia to Azoxystrobin, a Quinone outside Inhibitor (QoI) Fungicide