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High-risk Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) represent therapeutical challenges and are usually managed with hypomethylating agents such as azacitidine. Given the lack of data in the literature concerning azacitidine effects on bone marrow, we retrospectively analyzed 57 high-risk MDS cases in order to identify any changes induced by azacitidine therapy or relevant correlations between therapy response and pre- or post-treatment features. Azacitidine treatment had no significant impact on bone marrow cellularity or morphological dysplastic features. On the contrary, although not statistically significant, we observed a slight decrease in CD34+ and CD117+ blasts and p53+ precursors after treatment. Moreover, pre-treatment IPSS-R cytogenetic score ( p  = 0.004), lymphocytic infiltrate ( p  = 0.017) and p53+ elements ( p  = 0.001) correlated with AML progression; pre-treatment lymphocytic infiltrate was also linked to better response to therapy ( p  = 0.004), suggesting an anti-tumoral role of bone marrow microenvironment. Post-treatment blast count impacted negatively on overall survival ( p  = 0.035) and risk of leukemic progression ( p  = 0.04), while both post-treatment lymphocytic infiltrate and p53+ elements showed significant correlation with treatment response ( p  = 0.004 and  p  = 0.003 respectively). Higher post-treatment p53+ elements correlated also with risk of leukemic progression ( p  = 0.013). Our results suggest the possible role of lymphocytic infiltrate and p53+ elements as predictive markers in MDS treated with azacitidine, disclosing new chapters in the understanding of MDS evolution and treatment.

Lymphocytic Infiltrate and p53 Protein Expression as Predictive Markers of Response and Outcome in Myelodysplastic Syndromes Treated with Azacitidine