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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces immune dysfunction that can be captured clinically by an increase in the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR). However, few studies have characterized the temporal dynamics of NLR post-TBI and its relationship with hospital-acquired infections (HAI), resource utilization, or outcome. We assessed NLR and HAI over the first 21 days post-injury in adults with moderate-to-severe TBI ( n = 196) using group-based trajectory (TRAJ), changepoint, and mixed-effects multivariable regression analysis to characterize temporal dynamics. We identified two groups with unique NLR profiles: a high ( n = 67) versus a low ( n = 129) TRAJ group. High NLR TRAJ had higher rates (76.12% vs. 55.04%, p = 0.004) and earlier time to infection ( p = 0.003). In changepoint-derived day 0-5 and 6-20 epochs, low lymphocyte TRAJ, early in recovery, resulted in more frequent HAIs ( p = 0.042), subsequently increasing later NLR levels ( p ≤ 0.0001). Both high NLR TRAJ and HAIs increased hospital length of stay (LOS) and days on ventilation ( p ≤ 0.05 all), while only high NLR TRAJ significantly increased odds of unfavorable six-month outcome as measured by the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) ( p = 0.046) in multivariable regression. These findings provide insight into the temporal dynamics and interrelatedness of immune factors which collectively impact susceptibility to infection and greater hospital resource utilization, as well as influence recovery.

Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratios and Infections after Traumatic Brain Injury: Associations with Hospital Resource Utilization and Long-Term Outcome