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Sterile insect release technique (SIT) is effective for eradicating quarantine insects including various tephritid fruit flies. When SIT is used for fruit flies, it is challenging to remove females from sterile males due to oviposition-associated piercing damage. This study developed a sex transition technique by feeding double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) specific to a sex-determining gene,  Transformer-2  ( Zs-Tra2 ) of the striped fruit fly,  Zeugodacus scutellata .  Zs-Tra2  is homologous to other fruit fly orthologs. It is highly expressed in female adults. RNA interference (RNAi) of  Zs-Tra2  by injecting or feeding its specific dsRNA to larvae significantly increased male ratio. Recombinant  Escherichia coli  cells expressing dsRNA specific to  Zs-Tra2  were prepared and used to feed larvae to suppress  Zs-Tra2  gene expression levels. When these recombinant bacteria were fed to larvae during the entire feeding stage, the test population was significantly male-biased. Some females treated with such recombinant  E. coli  exhibited mosaic morphological characters such as the presence of male-specific abdominal setae in females. This study proposes a novel technique by feeding dsRNA specific to  Transformer-2  to reduce female production during mass-rearing of tephritid males for SIT.

Male-biased Adult Production of the Striped Fruit Fly, Zeugodacus scutellata, by Feeding dsRNA Specific to Transformer-2