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Long Range (LoRa) communication is widely adapted in long-range Internet of Things (IoT) applications. LoRa is one of the powerful technologies of Low Power Wide Area Networking (LPWAN) standards designed for IoT applications. Enormous IoT applications lead to massive traffic results, which affect the entire network’s operation by decreasing the quality of service (QoS) and minimizing the throughput and capacity of the LoRa network. To this end, this paper proposes a novel cluster throughput model of the throughput distribution function in a cluster to estimate the expected value of the throughput capacity. This paper develops two main clustering algorithms using dense LoRa-based IoT networks that allow clustering of end devices according to the criterion of maximum served traffic. The algorithms are built based on two-common methods, K-means and FOREL. In contrast to existing methods, the developed method provides the maximum value of served traffic in a cluster. Results reveal that our proposed cluster throughput model obtained a higher average throughput value by using a normal distribution than a uniform distribution.

Clustering Optimization of LoRa Networks for Perturbed Ultra-Dense IoT Networks