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Two genes,  HvSAP8  and  HvSAP16 , encoding Zinc-finger proteins, were identified earlier as active in barley plants. Based on bioinformatics and sequencing analysis, six SNPs were found in the promoter regions of  HvSAP8  and one in  HvSAP16 , among parents of two barley segregating populations, Granal × Baisheshek and Natali × Auksiniai-2. ASQ and Amplifluor markers were developed for  HvSAP8  and  HvSAP16 , one SNP in each gene, and in each of two populations, showing simple Mendelian segregation. Plants of F 6  selected breeding lines and parents were evaluated in a soil-based drought screen, revealing differential expression of  HvSAP8  and  HvSAP16  corresponding with the stress. After almost doubling expression during the early stages of stress,  HvSAP8  returned to pre-stress level or was strongly down-regulated in plants with Granal or Baisheshek genotypes, respectively. For  HvSAP16  under drought conditions, a high expression level was followed by either a return to original levels or strong down-regulation in plants with Natali or Auksiniai-2 genotypes, respectively. Grain yield in the same breeding lines and parents grown under moderate drought was strongly associated with their  HvSAP8  and  HvSAP16  genotypes. Additionally, Granal and Natali genotypes with specific alleles at  HvSAP8  and  HvSAP16  were associated with improved performance under drought via higher 1000 grain weight and more shoots per plant, respectively.

international journal of molecular sciences

Expression of Specific Alleles of Zinc-Finger Transcription Factors, HvSAP8 and HvSAP16, and Corresponding SNP Markers, Are Associated with Drought Tolerance in Barley Populations