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An innovative multi-step phase separation process was used to prepare tissue culture for the polystyrene-based, hierarchically structured substrates, which mimicked in vivo microenvironment and architecture. Macro- (pore area from 3000 to 18,000 µm 2 ; roughness (Ra) 7.2 ± 0.1 µm) and meso- (pore area from 50 to 300 µm 2 ; Ra 1.1 ± 0.1 µm) structured substrates covered with micro-pores (area around 3 µm 2 ) were prepared and characterised. Both types of substrate were suitable for human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) cultivation and were found to be beneficial for the induction of cardiomyogenesis in hiPSC. This was confirmed both by the number of promoted proliferated cells and the expressions of specific markers (Nkx2.5, MYH6, MYL2, and MYL7). Moreover, the substrates amplified the fluorescence signal when Ca 2+  flow was monitored. This property, together with cytocompatibility, make this material especially suitable for in vitro studies of cell/material interactions within tissue-mimicking environments.

Hierarchically Structured Polystyrene-Based Surfaces Amplifying Fluorescence Signals: Cytocompatibility with Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell