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Overproduction of inflammatory cytokines is a keystone event in COVID-19 pathogenesis; TNF and its receptors (TNFR1 and TNFR2) are critical pro-inflammatory molecules. ADAM17 releases the soluble (sol) forms of TNF, TNFR1, and TNFR2. This study evaluated TNF, TNFRs, and ADAM17 at the protein, transcriptional, and gene levels in COVID-19 patients with different levels of disease severity. In total, 102 patients were divided into mild, moderate, and severe condition groups. A group of healthy donors (HD; n = 25) was included. Our data showed that solTNFR1 and solTNFR2 were elevated among the COVID-19 patients ( p &lt; 0.0001), without increasing the transcriptional level. Only solTNFR1 was higher in the severe group as compared to the mildly ill ( p &lt; 0.01), and the level was higher in COVID-19 patients who died than those that survived ( p &lt; 0.0001). The solTNFR1 level had a discrete negative correlation with C-reactive protein ( p = 0.006, Rho = -0.33). The solADAM17 level was higher in severe as compared to mild disease conditions ( p &lt; 0.01), as well as in COVID-19 patients who died as compared to those that survived ( p &lt; 0.001). Additionally, a potential association between polymorphism TNFRSF1A :rs767455 and a severe degree of disease was suggested. These data suggest that solTNFR1 and solADAM17 are increased in severe conditions. solTNFR1 should be considered a potential target in the development of new therapeutic options.

Severe COVID-19 Patients Show an Increase in Soluble TNFR1 and ADAM17, with a Relationship to Mortality