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Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most common cardiovascular diseases. Although previous studies have shown that histidine decarboxylase (HDC), a histamine-synthesizing enzyme, is involved in the stress response and heart remodeling after MI, the mechanism underlying it remains unclear. In this study, using Hdc -deficient mice ( Hdc  -/- mice), we established an acute myocardial infarction mouse model to explore the potential roles of Hdc /histamine in cardiac immune responses. Comprehensive analysis was performed on the transcriptomes of infarcted hearts. Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis identified 2126 DEGs in Hdc -deficient groups and 1013 in histamine-treated groups. Immune related pathways were enriched in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Then we used the ssGSEA algorithm to evaluate 22 kinds of infiltrated immunocytes, which indicated that myeloid cells and T memory/follicular helper cells were tightly regulated by Hdc /histamine post MI. The relationships of lncRNAs and the Gene Ontology (GO) functions of protein-coding RNAs and immunocytes were dissected in networks to unveil immune-associated lncRNAs and their roles in immune modulation after MI. Finally, we screened out and verified four lncRNAs, which were closely implicated in tuning the immune responses after MI, including ENSMUST191157, ENSMUST180693 (PTPRE-AS1), and ENSMUST-182785. Our study highlighted the HDC-regulated myeloid cells as a driving force contributing to the government of transmission from innate immunocytes to adaptive immunocytes in the progression of the injury response after MI. We identified the potential role of the Hdc /histamine-lncRNAs network in regulating cardiac immune responses, which may provide novel promising therapeutic targets for further promoting the treatment of ischemic heart disease.

Analysis of Immune Associated Co-Expression Networks Reveals Immune-Related Long Non-Coding RNAs during MI in the Presence and Absence of HDC