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Defensins are small and rather ubiquitous cysteine-rich anti-microbial peptides. These proteins may act against pathogenic microorganisms either directly (by binding and disrupting membranes) or indirectly (as signaling molecules that participate in the organization of the cellular defense). Even though defensins are widespread across eukaryotes, still, extensive nucleotide and amino acid dissimilarities hamper the elucidation of their response to stimuli and mode of function. In the current study, we screened the  Solanum lycopersicum  genome for the identification of defensin genes, predicted the relating protein structures, and further studied their transcriptional responses to biotic ( Verticillium dahliae ,  Meloidogyne javanica ,  Cucumber Mosaic Virus , and  Potato Virus Y  infections) and abiotic (cold stress) stimuli. Tomato defensin sequences were classified into two groups (C8 and C12). Our data indicate that the transcription of defensin coding genes primarily depends on the specific pathogen recognition patterns of  V. dahliae  and  M. javanica . The immunodetection of plant defensin 1 protein was achieved only in the roots of plants inoculated with  V. dahliae.  In contrast, the almost null effects of viral infections and cold stress, and the failure to substantially induce the gene transcription suggest that these factors are probably not primarily targeted by the tomato defensin network.

Structural Diversity and Highly Specific Host-Pathogen Transcriptional Regulation of Defensin Genes Is Revealed in Tomato