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(1) Background: Aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) ceramic is one of the materials used for artificial joints, and it has been known that their fine particles (FPs) are provided by the wear of the ceramic. Al 2 O 3 FPs have been shown to induce macrophage activation in vitro; however, the inflammatory effect in vivo has not been studied. (2) Methods: We examined the in vivo effect of Al 2 O 3 FPs on the innate and adaptive immune cells in the mice. (3) Results: Al 2 O 3 FPs promoted the activation of spleen macrophages; however, conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), and natural killer (NK) cells were not activated. In addition, increases in the CD4 and CD8 T cells was induced in the spleens of the mice treated with Al 2 O 3 FPs, which differentiated into interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-producing helper T1 (Th1) and cytotoxic T1 (Tc1) cells. Finally, the injection of Al 2 O 3 FPs exacerbated dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced inflammation in the colon, mediated by activated and increased number of CD4 and CD8 T cells. (4) Conclusions: These data demonstrate that FPs of Al 2 O 3 ceramic may contribute to the exacerbation of inflammatory diseases in the patients.

Alumina Ceramic Exacerbates the Inflammatory Disease by Activation of Macrophages and T Cells