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The existence of the exclusion zone (EZ), a layer of water in which plasticmicrospheres are repelled from hydrophilic surfaces, has now been independentlydemonstrated by several groups. A better understanding of the mechanisms whichgenerate EZs would help with understanding the possible importance of EZs inbiology and in engineering applications such as filtration and microfluidics.Here we review the experimental evidence for EZ phenomena in water and themajor theories that have been proposed. We review experimental results frombirefringence, neutron radiography, nuclear magnetic resonance, and otherstudies. Pollack and others have theorized that water in the EZ exists has adifferent structure than bulk water, and that this accounts for the EZ. Wepresent several alternative explanations for EZs and argue that Schurr's theorybased on diffusiophoresis presents a compelling alternative explanation for thecore EZ phenomenon. Among other things, Schurr's theory makes predictions aboutthe growth of the EZ with time which have been confirmed by Florea et al. andothers. We also touch on several possible confounding factors that makeexperimentation on EZs difficult, such as charged surface groups, dissolvedsolutes, and adsorbed nanobubbles.

Exclusion zone phenomena in water -- a critical review of experimental findings and theories