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Periodontal diseases are caused by bacterial infection and may progress to chronic dental disease; severe inflammation may result in bone loss. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent bacterial infection or control inflammation. Periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) are responsible for the maintenance of tissue integrity and immune and inflammatory events in periodontal diseases. The formation of bacterial complexes by  Fusobacterium nucleatum  and  Porphyromonas gingivalis  is crucial in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.  F. nucleatum  is a facultative anaerobic species, considered to be a key mediator of dental plaque maturation and aggregation of other oral bacteria.  P. gingivalis  is an obligate anaerobic species that induces gingival inflammation by secreting virulence factors. In this study, we investigated whether  Osmunda japonica  extract exerted anti-inflammatory effects in primary PDLFs stimulated by oral pathogens. PDLFs were stimulated with  F. nucleatum  or  P. gingivalis . We showed that pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-6 and IL-8) expression was induced by LPS or bacterial infection but decreased by treatment with  O. japonica  extract following bacterial infection. We found that the activation of NF-κB, a transcription factor for pro-inflammatory cytokines, was modulated by  O. japonica  extract. Thus,  O. japonica  extract has immunomodulatory activity that can be harnessed to control inflammation.

international journal of molecular sciences

Osmunda japonica Extract Suppresses Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines by Downregulating NF-κB Activation in Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts Infected with Oral Pathogenic Bacteria