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Appropriate flowering time is crucial for successful grain production, which relies on not only the action of individual heading date genes, but also the gene-by-gene interactions. In this study, influences of interaction between Hd1 and Ghd7 on flowering time and yield traits were analyzed using near isogenic lines derived from a cross between indica rice cultivars ZS97 and MY46. In the non-functional ghd7  ZS97 background, the functional Hd1  ZS97 allele promoted flowering under both the natural short-day (NSD) conditions and natural long-day (NLD) conditions. In the functional Ghd7  MY46 background, Hd1  ZS97 remained to promote flowering under NSD conditions, but repressed flowering under NLD conditions. For Ghd7 , the functional Ghd7  MY46 allele repressed flowering under both conditions, which was enhanced in the functional Hd1  ZS97 background under NLD conditions. With delayed flowering, spikelet number and grain weight increased under both conditions, but spikelet fertility and panicle number fluctuated. Rice lines carrying non-functional hd1  MY46 and functional Ghd7  MY46 alleles had the highest grain yield under both conditions. These results indicate that longer growth duration for a larger use of available temperature and light does not always result in higher grain production. An optimum heading date gene combination needs to be carefully selected for maximizing grain yield in rice.

Importance of the Interaction between Heading Date Genes Hd1 and Ghd7 for Controlling Yield Traits in Rice