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Dormant Arabidopsis ( Arabidopsis thaliana ) seeds do not germinate easily at temperatures higher than 10⁻15 °C. Using mutants affected in ethylene signaling ( etr1 , ein2 and ein4 ) and in the N-end-rule pathway of the proteolysis ( prt6 and ate1-ate2 ) we have investigated the effects of cold and ethylene on dormancy alleviation. Ethylene (10⁻100 ppm) and 2⁻4 days chilling (4 °C) strongly stimulate the germination of wild type (Col-0) seeds at 25 °C. Two to four days of chilling promote the germination at 25 °C of all the mutants suggesting that release of dormancy by cold did not require ethylene and did not require the N-end-rule pathway. One mutant ( etr1 ) that did not respond to ethylene did not respond to GA₃ either. Mutants affected in the N-end rule ( prt6 and ate1-ate2 ) did not respond to ethylene indicating that also this pathway is required for dormancy alleviation by ethylene; they germinated after chilling and in the presence of GA₃. Cold can activate the ethylene signaling pathway since it induced an accumulation of ETR1 , EINI4, and EIN2 transcripts, the expression of which was not affected by ethylene and GA₃. Both cold followed by 10 h at 25 °C and ethylene downregulated the expression of PRT6 , ATE1, ATE2, and of ABI5 involved in ABA signaling as compared to dormant seeds incubated at 25 °C. In opposite, the expression of RGA , GAI, and RGL2 encoding three DELLAs was induced at 4 °C but downregulated in the presence of ethylene.

Revisiting the Role of Ethylene and N-End Rule Pathway on Chilling-Induced Dormancy Release in Arabidopsis Seeds