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Intracellular signaling pathways, including the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, are activated by exercise, and promote skeletal muscle hypertrophy. However, the mechanisms by which these pathways are activated by physiological stimulation are not fully understood. Here we show that extracellular ATP activates these pathways by increasing intracellular Ca 2+ levels ([Ca 2+ ] i ), and promotes muscle hypertrophy. [Ca 2+ ] i in skeletal muscle was transiently increased after exercise. Treatment with ATP induced the increase in [Ca 2+ ] i through the P2Y₂ receptor/inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor pathway, and subsequent activation of mTOR in vitro. In addition, the ATP-induced increase in [Ca 2+ ] i coordinately activated Erk1/2, p38 MAPK and mTOR that upregulated translation of JunB and interleukin-6. ATP also induced an increase in [Ca 2+ ] i in isolated soleus muscle fibers, but not in extensor digitorum longus muscle fibers. Furthermore, administration of ATP led to muscle hypertrophy in an mTOR- and Ca 2+ -dependent manner in soleus, but not in plantaris muscle, suggesting that ATP specifically regulated [Ca 2+ ] i in slow muscles. These findings suggest that ATP and [Ca 2+ ] i are important mediators that convert mechanical stimulation into the activation of intracellular signaling pathways, and point to the P2Y receptor as a therapeutic target for treating muscle atrophy.

ATP-Induced Increase in Intracellular Calcium Levels and Subsequent Activation of mTOR as Regulators of Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy