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This study experimentally investigated heavy metal removal and accumulation in the aquatic plant Eichhornia crassipes . Pb, Zn, Cd, and Mn concentrations, plant morphology, and plant functional groups were analyzed. Eichhornia crassipes achieved high removal efficiency of Pb and Mn from karst water (over 79.5%), with high proportion of Pb, Zn, and Cd absorption occurring in the first eight days. The highest removal efficiencies were obtained at initial Pb, Zn, Cd, and Mn concentrations of 1 mg/L, 2 mg/L, 0.02 mg/L, and 0.2 mg/L, respectively. Eichhornia crassipes exhibited a high bioconcentration factor (Mn = 199,567 &gt; Pb = 19,605 &gt; Cd = 3403 &gt; Zn = 1913) and a low translocation factor (&lt;1). The roots accumulated more Pb, Zn, Cd, and Mn than the stolons and leaves due to the stronger tolerance of roots. The voids, stomas, air chambers, and airways promoted this accumulation. Pb, Cd, Zn, and Mn likely exchanged with Mg, Na, and K through the cation exchange. C≡C, C=O, SO 4  2- , O-H, C-H, and C-O played different roles during uptake, which led to different removal and accumulation effects.

Efficiency of Pb, Zn, Cd, and Mn Removal from Karst Water by Eichhornia crassipes