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Aim  We aimed to determine if nut consumption decreases mortality and/or the risk of cardiometabolic diseases based on updated meta-analyses of epidemiological and intervention studies. Methods. An updated electronic search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and the Cochrane Library databases for original meta-analyses to investigate the effects of nut consumption on cardiometabolic disease in humans. Results. Seven new meta-analyses were included in this updated review. Findings similar to our previous review were observed, showing that nut consumption significantly decreased cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality (−19% to −25%;  n  = 4), coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality (−24% to −30%;  n  = 3), stroke mortality (−17% to −18%;  n  = 3), CVD incidence (−15% to −19 %;  n  = 4), CHD [or coronary artery disease (CAD)] incidence (−17% to −34%;  n  = 8), and stroke incidence (−10% to −11%;  n  = 6) comparing high with low categories of nut consumption. Fasting glucose levels (0.08 to 0.15 mmol/L;  n  = 6), total cholesterol (TC; 0.021 to 0.30 mmol/L;  n  = 10), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; 0.017 to 0.26 mmol/L;  n  = 10) were significantly decreased with nut consumption compared with control diets. Body weight and blood pressure were not significantly affected by nut consumption. Conclusion. Nut consumption appears to exert a protective effect on cardiometabolic disease, possibly through improved concentrations of fasting glucose, total cholesterol, and LDL-C.

Does Nut Consumption Reduce Mortality and/or Risk of Cardiometabolic Disease? An Updated Review Based on Meta-Analyses