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Background: Studies have found that exposure to fine particulate matter with sizes below 2.5 µm (PM 2.5 ) might cause inflammation response via the NF- κ B pathway. To date, only a few studies have focused on the toxicity of different components of PM 2.5 . We aimed to explore the effects of PM 2.5 with different components on the expression levels of NF- κ B family gene mRNA and inflammatory molecules in human macrophages. Methods: Human monocytic cell line THP-1-derived macrophages were exposed to water-soluble (W-PM 2.5 ), fat-soluble (F-PM 2.5 ), and insoluble (I-PM 2.5 ) PM 2.5 . The cell survival rate was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The levels of inflammatory molecules were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the relative mRNA levels of the NF- κ B family gene were determined by real time PCR. Results: PM 2.5 could decrease the cell viability. After exposure to W-PM 2.5 , the levels of interleukins (IL)-1β and IL-12 p70 significantly increased. After exposure to F-PM 2.5 , the levels of IL-12 p70 significantly increased. The levels of IL-12 p70 and TNF-α after exposure to I-PM 2.5 were significantly higher than that in W- and F-PM 2.5 treatment groups. The levels of IL-8, C reactive protein (CRP), and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 increased only after exposure to I-PM 2.5 . F-PM 2.5 increased the mRNA levels of NF- κ B genes, especially NF - κB 1  and RelA . Conclusions: PM 2.5 can decrease the cell survival rate and up-regulate the expression of NF- κ B family gene mRNA and inflammatory molecules. The main toxic components of PM 2.5 related to inflammatory response in macrophages were the I-PM 2.5 .

Effects of Different Components of PM2.5 on the Expression Levels of NF-κB Family Gene mRNA and Inflammatory Molecules in Human Macrophage