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Background : Seafood-borne  Vibrio  infections, often linked to contaminated seafood and water, are of increasing global public health concern. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of human pathogenic vibrios and their associated virulence genes isolated from fish and water samples from 2 commercial dusky kob farms and Kareiga estuary, South Africa.  Methods : A total of 200 samples including dusky kob fish ( n  = 120) and seawater ( n  = 80) were subjected to  Vibrio  screening on thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar (TCBS). Presumptive isolates were confirmed and delineated to  V. cholerae ,  V. parahaemolyticus ,  V. vulnificus , and  V. fluvialis  by PCR. Various pathogenic gene markers were screened:  V. parahaemolyticus  ( trh  and  tdh ),  V. vulnificus  ( vcgE  and  vcgC)  and  V. fluvialis (stn, vfh,   hupO ,  vfpA ). Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) of the  vvh A gene of  V. vulnificus  strains was performed to determine the associated biotypes.  Results : Total  Vibrio  prevalence was 59.4% (606/1020) of which  V. fluvialis  was the most predominant 193 (31.85%), followed by  Vibrio vulnificus  74 (12.21%) and  V. parahaemolyticus  33 (5.45%). No  V. cholerae  strain was detected. One of the  V. parahaemolyticus  strains possessed the  trh  gene 7 (9.46%) while most (91.9%; 68/74)  V. vulnificus  isolates were of the E-type genotype.  V. fluvialis  virulence genes detected were  stn  (13.5%),  hupO  (10.4%) and  vfpA  (1.0%). 12.16% (9/74) of  V. vulnificus  strains exhibited a biotype 3 RFLP pattern.  Conclusions : This is the first report of potentially pathogenic vibrios from healthy marine fish in the study area, and therefore a public health concern.

international journal of environmental  research and public health/international journal of environmental research and public health

Occurrence of Virulence Genes Associated with Human Pathogenic Vibrios Isolated from Two Commercial Dusky Kob (Argyrosmus japonicus) Farms and Kareiga Estuary in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa