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Brown rot is the most economically important fungal disease of stone fruits and is primarily caused by  Monilinia laxa  and  Monlinia fructicola . Both species co-occur in European orchards although  M. fructicola  is considered to cause the most severe yield losses in stone fruit. This study aimed to generate a high-quality genome of  M. fructicola  and to exploit it to identify genes that may contribute to pathogen virulence. PacBio sequencing technology was used to assemble the genome of  M. fructicola . Manual structural curation of gene models, supported by RNA-Seq, and functional annotation of the proteome yielded 10,086 trustworthy gene models. The genome was examined for the presence of genes that encode secreted proteins and more specifically effector proteins. A set of 134 putative effectors was defined. Several effector genes were cloned into  Agrobacterium tumefaciens  for transient expression in  Nicotiana benthamiana  plants, and some of them triggered necrotic lesions. Studying effectors and their biological properties will help to better understand the interaction between  M. fructicola  and its stone fruit host plants.

Deciphering the Monilinia fructicola Genome to Discover Effector Genes Possibly Involved in Virulence