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In the fish genus Hoplias , two major general groups can be found, one of which is formed by the "common trahiras" ( Hoplias malabaricus group) and the other by the "giant trahiras" ( Hoplias lacerdae group, in addition to Hoplias aimara ), which usually comprises specimens of larger body size. Previous investigations from the giant trahiras group recovered 2n = 50 meta/submetacentric chromosomes and no sex chromosome differentiation, indicating a probable conservative pattern for their karyotype organization. Here, we conducted comparative cytogenetic studies in six giant trahiras species, two of them for the first time. We employed standard and advanced molecular cytogenetics procedures, including comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), as well as genomic assessments of diversity levels and phylogenetic relationships among them. The results strongly suggest that the giant trahiras have a particular and differentiated evolutionary pathway inside the Hoplias genus. While these species share the same 2n and karyotypes, their congeneric species of the H. malabaricus group show a notable chromosomal diversity in number, morphology, and sex chromosome systems. However, at the same time, significant changes were characterized at their inner chromosomal level, as well as in their genetic diversity, highlighting their current relationships resulting from different evolutionary histories.

High Genetic Diversity despite Conserved Karyotype Organization in the Giant Trahiras from Genus Hoplias (Characiformes, Erythrinidae)