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Acidithiobacillus  species are fundamental players in biofilm formation by acidophile bioleaching communities. It has been previously reported that  Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans  possesses a functional quorum sensing mediated by acyl-homoserine lactones (AHL), involved in biofilm formation, and AHLs naturally produced by  Acidithiobacillus  species also induce biofilm formation in  Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans . A c-di-GMP pathway has been characterized in  Acidithiobacillus  species but it has been pointed out that the c-di-GMP effector PelD and  pel -like operon are only present in the sulfur oxidizers such as  A. thiooxidans . PEL exopolysaccharide has been recently involved in biofilm formation in this  Acidithiobacillus  species. Here, by comparing wild type and Δ pelD  strains through mechanical analysis of biofilm-cells detachment, fluorescence microscopy and qPCR experiments, the structural role of PEL exopolysaccharide and the molecular network involved for its biosynthesis by  A. thiooxidans  were tackled. Besides, the effect of AHLs on PEL exopolysaccharide production was assessed. Mechanical resistance experiments indicated that the loss of PEL exopolysaccharide produces fragile  A. thiooxidans  biofilms. qRT-PCR analysis established that AHLs induce the transcription of  pelA  and  pelD  genes while epifluorescence microscopy studies revealed that PEL exopolysaccharide was required for the development of AHL-induced biofilms. Altogether these results reveal for the first time that AHLs positively regulate  pel  genes and participate in the molecular network for PEL exopolysaccharide biosynthesis by  A. thiooxidans .

genes

Quorum Sensing Signaling Molecules Positively Regulate c-di-GMP Effector PelD Encoding Gene and PEL Exopolysaccharide Biosynthesis in Extremophile Bacterium Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans