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A  rabidopsis thaliana MUT9-  like kinases ( MLKs ), a family of the plant-specific casein kinase 1 (CK1), have been implicated collectively in multiple biological processes including flowering. Three of the four MLKs ( MLK1/2/4 ) have been characterized, however, little is known about MLK3 , the most divergent member of MLKs. Here, we demonstrated that disruption of MLK3 transcript in mlk3 caused early flowering with retarded leaf growth under long-day conditions. In vitro kinase assay showed the nuclear protein MLK3 phosphorylated histone 3 at threonine 3 (H3T3) and mutation of a conserved residue (K146R) abolished the catalytic activity. Ectopic expression of MLK3 but not MLK3 ( K146R ) rescued the morphological defects of mlk3 , indicating that an intact MLK3 is critical for maintaining proper flowering time. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the floral repressor FLOWERING  LOCUS C ( FLC ) was down-regulated significantly in mlk3 , suggesting that MLK3 negatively regulates flowering. Hence, MLK3 plays a role in repressing the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase in A . thaliana. This study sheds light on the delicate control of flowering time by A . thaliana CK1 specific to the plant kingdom.

Arabidopsis thaliana MLK3, a Plant-Specific Casein Kinase 1, Negatively Regulates Flowering and Phosphorylates Histone H3 In Vitro