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Twenty-two rhizobia strains isolated from three distinct populations (North Ossetia, Dagestan, and Armenia) of a relict legume  Vavilovia formosa  were analysed to determine their position within  Rhizobium leguminosarum  biovar  viciae  ( Rlv ). These bacteria are described as symbionts of four plant genera  Pisum ,  Vicia ,  Lathyrus , and  Lens  from the Fabeae tribe, of which Vavilovia is considered to be closest to its last common ancestor (LCA). In contrast to biovar  viciae , bacteria from  Rhizobium leguminosarum  biovar  trifolii  ( Rlt ) inoculate plants from the Trifolieae tribe. Comparison of house-keeping ( hkg : 16S rRNA,  gln II,  glt A, and  dna K) and symbiotic ( sym :  nod A,  nod C,  nod D, and  nif H) genes of the symbionts of  V. formosa  with those of other  Rlv  and  Rlt  strains reveals a significant group separation, which was most pronounced for  sym  genes. A remarkable feature of the strains isolated from  V. formosa  was the presence of the  nod X gene, which was commonly found in  Rlv  strains isolated from Afghanistan pea genotypes. Tube testing of different strains on nine plant species, including all genera from the Fabeae tribe, demonstrated that the strains from  V. formosa  nodulated the same cross inoculation group as the other  Rlv  strains. Comparison of nucleotide similarity in  sym  genes suggested that their diversification within sym-biotypes of  Rlv  was elicited by host plants. Contrariwise, that of  hkg  genes could be caused by either local adaptation to soil niches or by genetic drift. Long-term ecological isolation, genetic separation, and the ancestral position of  V. formosa  suggested that symbionts of  V. formosa  could be responsible for preserving ancestral genotypes of the  Rlv  biovar.

Rhizobia Isolated from the Relict Legume Vavilovia formosa Represent a Genetically Specific Group within Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae