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Deep space exploration offers the most profound opportunity for the expansionof humanity and our understanding of the Universe, but remains extremelychallenging. Progress will continue to be paced by uncrewed missions followedup by crewed missions to ever further destinations. Major space powers continueto invest in crewed deep space exploration as an important national strategy.An improved model based on previous work is developed, which projects theearliest possible launch dates for human-crewed missions from cis-lunar spaceto selected destinations in the Solar System and beyond based on NASA'shistoric budget trend and overall development trends of deep space explorationresearch. The purpose of the analysis is to provide a projected timeframe forcrewed missions beyond Mars. Our findings suggest the first human missions froma spacefaring nation or international collaboration to the Asteroid Belt andJovian System could be scheduled as soon as ~2071 to ~2087 and ~2101 to ~2121,respectively, while a launch to the Saturn System may occur by the year ~2132,with an uncertainty window of ~2129 to ~2153.

Impact of Economic Constraints on the Projected Timeframe for Human-Crewed Deep Space Exploration