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Previously, we demonstrated that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LOC1, originally isolated from fresh tea leaves, was able to improve epithelial barrier integrity in in vitro models, suggesting that this strain is an interesting probiotic candidate. In this work, we aimed to continue characterizing the potential probiotic properties of the LOC1 strain, focusing on its immunomodulatory properties in the context of innate immunity triggered by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation. These studies were complemented by comparative and functional genomics analysis to characterize the bacterial genes involved in the immunomodulatory capacity. We carried out a transcriptomic study to evaluate the effect of L. plantarum LOC1 on the response of murine macrophages (RAW264.7 cells) to the activation of TLR4. We demonstrated that L. plantarum LOC1 exerts a modulatory effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation, resulting in a differential regulation of immune factor expression in macrophages. The LOC1 strain markedly reduced the LPS-induced expression of some inflammatory cytokines ( IL-1β , IL-12 , and CSF2 ) and chemokines ( CCL17 , CCL28 , CXCL3 , CXCL13 , CXCL1 , and CX3CL1 ), while it significantly increased the expression of other cytokines ( TNF-α , IL-6 , IL-18 , IFN-β , IFN-γ , and CSF3 ), chemokines ( IL-15 and CXCL9 ), and activation markers ( H2-k1 , H2-M3 , CD80 , and CD86 ) in RAW macrophages. Our results show that L. plantarum LOC1 would enhance the intrinsic functions of macrophages, promoting their protective effects mediated by the stimulation of the Th1 response without affecting the regulatory mechanisms that help control inflammation. In addition, we sequenced the LOC1 genome and performed a genomic characterization. Genomic comparative analysis with the well-known immunomodulatory strains WCSF1 and CRL1506 demonstrated that L. plantarum LOC1 possess a set of adhesion factors and genes involved in the biosynthesis of teichoic acids and lipoproteins that could be involved in its immunomodulatory capacity. The results of this work can contribute to the development of immune-related functional foods containing L. plantarum LOC1.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LOC1 Isolated from Fresh Tea Leaves Modulates Macrophage Response to TLR4 Activation