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Holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) is a Mediterranean species that can withstand intense summer drought through a high resistance to cavitation far beyond the stomatal closure. Besides stomatal limitations, both mesophyll and biochemical limitations to CO2 uptake could increase in holm oak under drought. However, no studies have addressed how hydraulic and non-hydraulic factors may limit the recovery of photosynthesis when re-watering after inducing 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity. We measured photosynthetic traits, xylem embolism, and abscisic acid (ABA) in holm oak with increasing levels of drought stress and seven days after plant re-watering. Drought stress caused a sharp decrease in net CO2 assimilation (AN), stomatal and mesophyll conductance (gs and gm), and maximum velocity of carboxylation (Vcmax). The stomatal closure could be mediated by the rapid increase found in ABA. The high level of xylem embolism explained the strong down-regulation of gs even after re-watering. Therefore, only a partial recovery of AN was observed, in spite of non-hydraulic factors not limiting the recovery of AN, because i/ABA strongly decreased after re-watering, and ii/gm and Vcmax recovered their original values. Therefore, the hydraulic-stomatal limitation model would be involved in the partial recovery of AN, in order to prevent extensive xylem embolism under subsequent drought events that could compromise holm oak survival.

Cavitation Limits the Recovery of Gas Exchange after Severe Drought Stress in Holm Oak (Quercus ilex L.)