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REDD+ social safeguards have gained increasing attention in numerous forums.This paper reviews the evolution of multi-level policy dialogues, processes, and actionsrelated to REDD+ social safeguards (e.g., Cancun Safeguards 1–5) among policy makers,civil society organizations, and within the media in Brazil, Indonesia and Tanzania, threecountries with well advanced REDD+ programs. We find that progress on core aspects ofsocial safeguards is uneven across the three countries. Brazil is by far the most advancedhaving drafted a REDD+ social safeguards policy. Both Brazil and Indonesia have benefitedfrom progress made by strong sub-national entities in the operationalization of REDD+safeguards including free prior and informed consent (FPIC), participation, and benefitsharing. Tanzania has weakly articulated how social safeguards will be operationalized andhas a more top-down approach. We conclude that in all three countries, measuring,reporting and verifying progress on social safeguards is likely to be a complex issue. Stakeholders with vested interests in REDD+ social safeguards operate in polycentric ratherthan nested systems, suggesting that aggregation of information from local to national-scalewill be a challenge. However, polycentric systems are also likely to support more transparentand comprehensive safeguards systems. Clear direction from the international communityand financing for REDD+ safeguard MRV is essential if REDD+ social safeguards are tobe meaningfully integrated into forest-based climate mitigation strategies.This article is available at www.mdpi.com/journal/forestsNorwegian Agency forDevelopment Cooperation (Norad), the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, theDepartment for International Development (DFID) of the United Kingdom, the European Commission(EC), the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (CRP-FTA), and fundingpartners who have contributed to the CGIAR Fund

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Multi-Level Policy Dialogues, Processes, and Actions: Challenges and Opportunities for National REDD+ Safeguards Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV)