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Native tree species are frequently unable to effectively grow in non-native tree cultivation scenarios. In the Loess Plateau, China, it is difficult to find native oak (Quercus liaotungensis) seedlings in non-native black locust forests. Black locust is an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) tree, but oak is an ectomycorrhizal (ECM) tree. Plants highly depend on their symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi to take up water, nitrogen (N) and other nutrients. We hypothesized that black locust forests would not provide ECM inoculum to oak seedlings, limiting their water and nutrient uptake, which would be improved by ECM inoculum. Here, we (1) sowed seeds, with or without oak forest soils, (2) transplanted seedlings collected in oak forests, with or without oak forest soils, and (3) planted seedlings germinated in autoclaved or unautoclaved oak forest soils. We measured the survival and growth rate for all three experiments, along with chemical properties, and root ECM colonization. Oak seeds sowed with oak forest soils had higher mycorrhizal colonization, leaf N concentrations and survival rate, and lower root δ13C than the seeds sowed without oak forest soils. Planting with oak forest soils also increased the survival rate of the germinated seedlings, but not the transplanted seedlings. Overall, our study suggested that the use of oak forest soils in the black locust forest to improve the water and N uptake of oak seedlings by providing the ECM inoculum, resulting in a high survival rate. Our study also implies that the method of sowing seeds was effortless and effectively compared to transplanting wild/nursery seedlings.

Survival Rate, Chemical and Microbial Properties of Oak Seedlings Planted with or without Oak Forest Soils in a Black Locust Forest of a Dryland