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Secondary forest areas are increasing worldwide and understanding how these forests interact with climate change including frequent and extreme events becomes increasingly important. This study aims to investigate the effects of the strong 2015/2016 El Nino-induced drought on species-specific leaf phenology, dieback and tree mortality in a secondary dry dipterocarp forest (DDF) in western Thailand. During the 2015/2016 El Nino event, rainfall and soil water content were lower than 25 mm and 5% during 5–6 consecutive months. The dry season was 3–4 months longer during the El Nino than during non-El Nino events. We found that this prolonged drought induced the earlier shedding and a delay in leaf emergence of the DDF. The deciduousness period was also longer during the El Nino event (5 months instead of 2–3 months during non-El Nino event). We found that the DDF species showed different phenological responses and sensitivities to the El Nino-induced drought. The leaf phenology of stem succulent species Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. and a complete deciduous species with low wood density. Sindora siamensis Teijsm. ex Miq. was only slightly affected by the El Nino-induced drought. Conversely, a semi-deciduous species such as Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Teijsm. ex Miq. showed a higher degree of deciduousness during the El Nino compared to non-El Nino events. Our results also highlight that dieback and mortality during El Nino were increased by 45 and 50%, respectively, compared to non-El Nino events, pointing at the importance of such events to shape DDF ecosystems.

Impact of Severe Drought during the Strong 2015/2016 El Nino on the Phenology and Survival of Secondary Dry Dipterocarp Species in Western Thailand