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This study presents the effects of torrefaction on the basic  characteristics of corn stalks. Corn stalks were torrefied in a  horizontal tubular reactor at temperatures ranging from 150 °C to 400  °C, for torrefaction periods varying from 0 min to 50 min. The torrefied  corn stalk products were characterized in terms of their elemental  composition, energy yield, ash content, and volatile fraction. The  gaseous products were also analyzed. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of  the samples was carried out in order to obtain the apparent activation  energy for the torrefaction of corn stalks. The weight loss data  according to the degradation temperature were analyzed using three  different methods. The energy and mass yield were found to decrease with  an increase in the temperature, whereas the higher heating value (HHV)  increased. From this work, it was found that the compounds with oxygen  were emitted at a temperature lower than that for hydrocarbon gases and  the temperatures of 290–330 °C were the optimum torrefaction  temperatures for corn stalks

Effect of Torrefaction on the Properties of Corn Stalk to Enhance Solid Fuel Qualities